Essay --

1.3Rationale for Research TopicEmployee appointment is a relatively new concept which has been heavily marketed and publicised by management consultancies. The solid ground for this is because many of these management consultancy firms suggest that employee booking can affect the bottom line, increase business performance, profitability and customer service Macey & Schieder (2008 P). Increasing levels of engagement is becoming more important to an organisation because the outcome of employee engagement has been reported to correlate with performance. The CIPD through their research into employee engagement have identified that engaged employees be more likely to deliver business performance (CIPD 2010)Research into engagement has unveiled that unmarrieds who are engaged are more likely to show fervor for the work they do, show willingness to do well and are likely to be engaged by the values of the organisation. To guess what this can look like engagement can be de experimen tal conditionined by measuring its characteristic (vigor, dedication and absorption) and when measured can be found to be positively related to an individuals job performance (Bakker et al 2008)Although engagement can be seen as a buzz word it has also been identified that for such a well-used term there is little associated research in the field of engagement (Robinson et al, 2004). Several of the key concepts of employee engagement derive from social psychology, drawing upon theories that are concerned with motivation, organisational behaviours and attitudes. about academics argue that employee engagement is basically old wine in new bottles because key concepts by theorists such as Hertzberg, Maslow and Alderfer underpin the notion of employee engagement (Rob... ...ent and begin it, you must approach it at three different layers of the organisation - the individual, the manager and the executive. Individuals must own their engagement. They cannot expect HR or the organisation to provide a blanket formula that will fit their unique needs. Managers cannot make employees engaged, but they can act as coaches to facilitate their team members engagement journeys. Managers need to understand the unique interests, talents and aspirations of their employees, and then align these with specific organisational priorities and projects. Executives also have a specific and important role to play. Their focus must be on creating a culture that fuels engagement and business results. Senior teams must walk the talk by demonstrating their own engagement, sharing their passion in candid, consistent communications (HR Magazine 2013)

The Keys to Job Satisfaction Essays -- Work, Employment, Relationships

Job Satisfaction drubplace RelationshipsIf a company is interested in growth and profit, it must name positive relationships and good rapport with its employees. People willing be happier in their jobs if the environment that surrounds them is made comfortable and positive. Three main factors aid positive work relationships trust, respect and teamwork. Positive workplace relationships are easy to develop when time is taken with each factor. Overall, these factors benefit every atomic number 53. People are the heart of an organization and worry should be taken to foster a positive work environment.Workplace relationships are important in job pleasure. In fact, studies show that an employees direct supervisory program has the most influence on whether he or she finds a job satisfying, says Lenburg. Working with a manager who understands them, and gives them some choices in their work lives, tends to improve the satisfaction level of most employees (Hochgraf, 1998).Productivity ten ds to improve when employees are treated with respect and consideration. Managers need to remember that every worker is different and that priorities of people vary from one individual to another. Managers should be open to the desires of their employees as individuals. If employees feel they are listened to they will feel that they are being respected and that they are important. Job satisfaction will tend to increase in these circumstances.Teamwork is also important when considering job satisfaction. If teamwork is not evident, or worse, deteriorates from the old norm, employee relationships begin to suffer. Teamwork requires people to work together to make decisions and interrupt disagreements. Teamwork among staff members strengthens workpla... ...ional.com/eprise/main/web/us/smi/en/candidates_career_dev_job_satisKovacs, Joy A. Examining the Difference in the Relationships between Job Satisfaction and Perceived Dimensions of Employment. Web. 1 may 2015.http//www.users.drew.e du/jkovacs/psyc/psyc102/research.html Reiner, Michael D. and Jihong Zhao. The Determinants of Job Satisfaction among United States Air Force Security Police. Review of Public Personnel Administration (summer 1999) pp. 5-17. Timm, Paul R. and Brent D. Peterson. Motivating with Compensation and new(prenominal) Rewards. People at Work - Human Behavior in Organizations, 5th ed. Ohio South Western College Publishing, 2000. Ting, Yuan. Analysis of Job Satisfaction of the Federal White-Collar Work Force Findings from the Survey of Federal Employees. American Review of Public Administration 26, no. 4 (December 1996) 439-456.

Now and Then :: Technology Media Essays

Now and Then Once upon a time, thither were friendly places near and far... Boy is that an understatement in todays society Todays society depends upon fleck for you and you alone. Not caring what the other person wants, needs or deserves. Fifteen years ago a sm completely community, such as the one Jens nan lives in today, was very friendly. Small communities pulled together in times of need. If your neighbor ran out of sugar, she didnt care to come knocking on your door with a measuring rod cup, instead of going all the way to the store to get more, simply because you were her friend. In todays society, if you run out of sugar, you hop in your car and drive 25 minutes to get 5lb of sugar in order to drive 25 minutes back home. You dont know your neighbors, and your neighbors dont know you. There is no hope in wanting to know them and vice versa.Our society has changed drastically over the past tense twenty years. We have become an information society. Relying on our televisio ns, radios, and computers to obtain information that was in one case obtained by going to the local beauty parlor or stopping for a cup of coffee and chatting with the judge executive of your town. Cell phones have to a fault become a major source of information. Instead of going out and having a nice serene sit on your front porch in the afternoon of a warm day, people would rather sit in front of their television and watch Oprah, Judge Judy, and The John Walsh Show. Could the reason that we dont leave our homes as untold as we used to, be because of all the violence that todays society has brought with it?The local news on television has publicized roughly five murders in the past week. All these murders have been in the state. Is the television shaping societys view of the world, causing citizens to become couch potatoes? Television is one of the biggest society shaping effects that there is in todays world.There are various cable companies and numerous bestows within each co mpany. The view you take on life all depends on what channel you are going to watch on television. If you watch the presidential debate on one channel, that channel may make Mr. Snuggles, whose platform is terrific, and who is an all out good guy, look like a cruel and evil villain in a bad comic book, while another channel shows his true identity.

Natural Order and Phenomena in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth 2

Is t nights predominance or the days shame / That darkness does the verbalism of universe entomb / When living light should kiss it? (Macbeth 2.4.9-11). The reversal of night and day in William Shakespeares Macbeth represents a reversal far more permanent and abnormal that of a nations hierarchy. When the title character makes the tragic decision to commit regicide and begin a dishonest ascent to kingship, the destruction of the natural order of Scotland commences, and this turn of events is reflected by the knockdown-dragout reaction of natural phenomena in the country. William Shakespeare, as an author contracted by King pack I, sought to preserve a conservative monarchal system, boost the philosophy of the Divine Right of Kings, and please his patron through Macbeth Pairing Macbeths murder of Scotlands King Duncan with a series of unnatural events, Shakespeare illustrates to audiences the severity of such(prenominal) a crime and the displeasure of nature and God with its perpetrator. The use of violent natural imagery in Macbeth solidifies a monarchs place as the divinely appointed attracter of a nation by displaying Gods consternation with Macbeth, embodying the interruption of a nations natural hierarchy, striking terror into the hearts of those disloyal to their monarch, and portraying the witches as metaphysical forces of aversion upon Earth.In order to understand Macbeths historical context, one must examine the political culture of the reign of King throng I Stuart. James reigned oer Scotland from 1567 to 1625 and England from 1603 to 1625, and was the first of a wave of monarchs claiming a divine right to rule (BBC). As the first ruler of a consolidated Kingdom of immense Britain, James issued public statements affirming his... ...ial conservatism and makes for interesting analysis. Just as an eclipse darkens the sun, regicide creates a series of events that reverses the natural order of a divine right monarchy, and William Shakesp eare in effect illustrates this predilection through the use of natural imagery in Macbeth.Works CitedBBC - score - Historic Figures James I and VI (1566 - 1625). BBC History. BBC, 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. .Kreis, Steven. James I, Speeches to Parliament (1609). The History Guide. 12 May 2004. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. .McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare an Introduction with Documents. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2001. Print.Shakespeare, William, and Sylan Barnet. Macbeth. New York Signet Classics, 1998. Print. Natural Order and Phenomena in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth 2Is t nights predominance or the days shame / That darkness does the face of Earth entomb / When living light should kiss it? (Macbeth 2.4.9-11). The reversal of night and day in William Shakespeares Macbeth represents a reversal far more permanent and unnatural that of a nations hierarchy. When the title character makes the tragic decision to commit regicide and begin a dishones t ascent to kingship, the destruction of the natural order of Scotland commences, and this turn of events is reflected by the violent reaction of natural phenomena in the country. William Shakespeare, as an author contracted by King James I, sought to preserve a conservative monarchical system, promote the philosophy of the Divine Right of Kings, and please his patron through Macbeth Pairing Macbeths murder of Scotlands King Duncan with a series of unnatural events, Shakespeare illustrates to audiences the severity of such a crime and the displeasure of nature and God with its perpetrator. The use of violent natural imagery in Macbeth solidifies a monarchs place as the divinely appointed leader of a nation by displaying Gods consternation with Macbeth, embodying the interruption of a nations natural hierarchy, striking terror into the hearts of those disloyal to their monarch, and portraying the witches as supernatural forces of evil upon Earth.In order to understand Macbeths his torical context, one must examine the political culture of the reign of King James I Stuart. James reigned over Scotland from 1567 to 1625 and England from 1603 to 1625, and was the first of a wave of monarchs claiming a divine right to rule (BBC). As the first ruler of a consolidated Kingdom of Great Britain, James issued public statements affirming his... ...ial conservatism and makes for interesting analysis. Just as an eclipse darkens the sun, regicide creates a series of events that reverses the natural order of a divine right monarchy, and William Shakespeare effectively illustrates this idea through the use of natural imagery in Macbeth.Works CitedBBC - History - Historic Figures James I and VI (1566 - 1625). BBC History. BBC, 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. .Kreis, Steven. James I, Speeches to Parliament (1609). The History Guide. 12 May 2004. Web. 08 Apr. 2011. .McDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare an Introduction with Documents. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 200 1. Print.Shakespeare, William, and Sylan Barnet. Macbeth. New York Signet Classics, 1998. Print.

Flagstaff, Arizona :: Flagstaff Personal Narratives Essays

Flagstaff, ArizonaCould a township really limiting me as much as I think? Flagstaff, Arizona is one of the coolest towns that I establish perpetually been, provided at the same cadence one of the quirkiest. Is Flagstaff a small mountain town, a big city, a hip university town, or a large industrial center? The environment and culture of Flagstaff is extremely diverse, making it difficult for outsiders to find their place in Flagstaff. I oftentimes oddity how I ended up in this little town in the mountains. I came from a relatively large city in Indiana, but knew that I had to escape the Midwests conservative grasp. I never really intended to end up in Flagstaff. For as long as I can remember, I had wanted to go to the University of Arizona and live in Tucson. I obviously didnt end up in Tucson. From the setoff time that I visited Flagstaff, I knew that this town was special. Perhaps it holds more draw for outsiders than locals, but its environment and culture has d efinitely drawn me in, changed me, and changed my life.When I decided to succeed Union Arizona University and be a Lumberjack, it was initially due to its reputation as the best teachers college in Arizona, but ironically, I have never been an discipline major, or taken any education courses. Education was an overcrowded field, so I entertained the idea of being a Computer Science major. Ha That lasted little than a month before I knew that was going to fail. Early on the path towards graduation, I still held a primarily etic point of view of Flagstaff. For around the set-back two years in Flagstaff, I viewed Flagstaff as a cool town, but still considered Indiana to be my home. I either didnt realize or wasnt allowing myself to become a part of this town. Once I realized that I was part of this town, my notion of Flagstaff changed, and the town began to change me. As I began to understand how this town ticks I wanted to find a way to become a bigger part of this town. I understand that this town was heavily reliant on tourism for it economy. This is how I came to be a Parks and Recreation Management major.Flagstaff, Arizona Flagstaff person-to-person Narratives EssaysFlagstaff, ArizonaCould a town really change me as much as I think? Flagstaff, Arizona is one of the coolest towns that I have ever been, but at the same time one of the quirkiest. Is Flagstaff a small mountain town, a big city, a hip university town, or a large industrial center? The environment and culture of Flagstaff is extremely diverse, making it difficult for outsiders to find their place in Flagstaff. I often wonder how I ended up in this little town in the mountains. I came from a relatively large city in Indiana, but knew that I had to escape the Midwests conservative grasp. I never really intended to end up in Flagstaff. For as long as I can remember, I had wanted to go to the University of Arizona and live in Tucson. I obviously didnt end up in Tucson. Fr om the first time that I visited Flagstaff, I knew that this town was special. Perhaps it holds more draw for outsiders than locals, but its environment and culture has definitely drawn me in, changed me, and changed my life.When I decided to attend Northern Arizona University and be a Lumberjack, it was initially due to its reputation as the best teachers college in Arizona, but ironically, I have never been an education major, or taken any education courses. Education was an overcrowded field, so I entertained the idea of being a Computer Science major. Ha That lasted less than a month before I knew that was going to fail. Early on the path towards graduation, I still held a primarily etic point of view of Flagstaff. For about the first two years in Flagstaff, I viewed Flagstaff as a cool town, but still considered Indiana to be my home. I either didnt realize or wasnt allowing myself to become a part of this town. Once I realized that I was part of this town, my notion of Flagstaff changed, and the town began to change me. As I began to understand how this town ticks I wanted to find a way to become a bigger part of this town. I understood that this town was heavily reliant on tourism for it economy. This is how I came to be a Parks and Recreation Management major.

Flagstaff, Arizona :: Flagstaff Personal Narratives Essays

Flagstaff, ArizonaCould a town really change me as much as I conjecture? Flagstaff, Arizona is one of the coolest towns that I have ever been, solely at the same time one of the quirkiest. Is Flagstaff a small sens town, a big city, a hip university town, or a large industrial center? The environment and floriculture of Flagstaff is extremely diverse, making it grueling for outsiders to ascend their place in Flagstaff. I often wonder how I subverted up in this little town in the mountains. I came from a comparatively large city in Indiana, exactly knew that I had to escape the Midwests conservative grasp. I never really intended to end up in Flagstaff. For as long as I can remember, I had wanted to go to the University of Arizona and live in Tucson. I seemingly didnt end up in Tucson. From the first time that I visited Flagstaff, I knew that this town was special. Perhaps it holds more draw for outsiders than locals, but its environment and culture has unquestionab ly drawn me in, changed me, and changed my life.When I decided to attend Northern Arizona University and be a Lumberjack, it was initially due to its reputation as the best teachers college in Arizona, but ironically, I have never been an education major, or taken any education courses. Education was an overcrowded field, so I entertained the idea of creation a Computer Science major. Ha That lasted less than a month before I knew that was going to fail. Early on the path towards graduation, I tranquil held a primarily etic point of view of Flagstaff. For about the first two years in Flagstaff, I viewed Flagstaff as a cool town, but lock in considered Indiana to be my home. I either didnt realize or wasnt allowing myself to force a part of this town. Once I effected that I was part of this town, my notion of Flagstaff changed, and the town began to change me. As I began to understand how this town ticks I wanted to find a expressive style to become a bigger part of thi s town. I understood that this town was heavily reliant on tourism for it economy. This is how I came to be a position and digression Management major.Flagstaff, Arizona Flagstaff Personal Narratives EssaysFlagstaff, ArizonaCould a town really change me as much as I think? Flagstaff, Arizona is one of the coolest towns that I have ever been, but at the same time one of the quirkiest. Is Flagstaff a small mountain town, a big city, a hip university town, or a large industrial center? The environment and culture of Flagstaff is extremely diverse, making it difficult for outsiders to find their place in Flagstaff. I often wonder how I ended up in this little town in the mountains. I came from a relatively large city in Indiana, but knew that I had to escape the Midwests conservative grasp. I never really intended to end up in Flagstaff. For as long as I can remember, I had wanted to go to the University of Arizona and live in Tucson. I obviously didnt end up in Tucson. From the first time that I visited Flagstaff, I knew that this town was special. Perhaps it holds more draw for outsiders than locals, but its environment and culture has definitely drawn me in, changed me, and changed my life.When I decided to attend Northern Arizona University and be a Lumberjack, it was initially due to its reputation as the best teachers college in Arizona, but ironically, I have never been an education major, or taken any education courses. Education was an overcrowded field, so I entertained the idea of being a Computer Science major. Ha That lasted less than a month before I knew that was going to fail. Early on the path towards graduation, I still held a primarily etic point of view of Flagstaff. For about the first two years in Flagstaff, I viewed Flagstaff as a cool town, but still considered Indiana to be my home. I either didnt realize or wasnt allowing myself to become a part of this town. Once I realized that I was part of this town, my notion of Flagstaff changed, and the town began to change me. As I began to understand how this town ticks I wanted to find a way to become a bigger part of this town. I understood that this town was heavily reliant on tourism for it economy. This is how I came to be a Parks and Recreation Management major.

Reinforcement and Employees Essay

Q3. What tools does Walmart drill to motivate employees? How might a lack of motivation affect associates and how should managers respond? Give me a W Give me an A Give me an L Give me a squiggly Give me an M Give an A Give me an R Give me a T Whats that spell? Walmart Whose Walmart is it? Its my Walmart Whos number one? The customer Always The good times continue at Walmart, and so do hard form and come acrossment. For many employees, seeing peers recogniseed for a job well through proves highly motivational. Executives at Walmart refer to the company as one big family. There ar no grunts or gophers no employee, no matter how new, is thought of as low person on the totem. According to the companys liberal gate policy, on the whole associates are encouraged to speak freely, share concerns, and express ideas for improving daily operations. In return, they can expect managers to treat all discussions fairly with an open mind. The policy is right out of Waltons playbook. Lis ten to your associates, Walton urged. Theyre the best idea generators.The founders wisdom is routinely reaffirmed through the oft-repeated quote that cryptograph constructive happens in Bentonville a reference to Walton headquarters. In Waltons grass roots ethic, local employees are the ones most likely to produce fresh ideas. single significant way managers can meet higher motivational needs is to shift power down from the top of governing body and share it with employees to enable them to achieve goals. Empowerment is power sharing, the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. Increasing employee motivation for task accomplishment because plenty improve their own effectiveness, choosing how to do a task and using their creativity. Empowerment is one way managers promote self- strengthener and self- efficacy, as defined in the discussion of social learning.Empowering employees involves giving them tetrad elements that enable them to act more free ly accomplish their jobs information knowledge, power, and rewards. First of all, employees receive information about company exploit. In companies where employees are fully empowered, all employees have access to all financial and operational information. Secondly, employees have knowledge and skills to contri hardlye to company goals. Companies use training programs and different development tools to help sight acquire the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to organizational performance. The third motivation is employees have the power to make substantive decision. Empowered employees have the authority to flat influence work procedures and organizational performance, such as through quality circles or self- directed work teams. And last but not least, employees are rewarded found on company performance. Organizations that empower workers often reward them based on the results shown in the companys bottom line. Organizations may also use other motivational compensa tion programs described in Exhibit 16.8 to tie employee efforts to company performance.Exhibit 16.8Many of todays organizations are implementing empowerment programs, but they are empowering workers to varying degrees. At some companies, empowerment means encouraging workers idea while managers retain final authority for decisions at others it means giving employees around complete freedom and power to make decisions and exercise initiative and imagination. Current methods of empowerment fall along a continuum, as illustrated in exhibit 16.9 . The continuum runs from smudge in which front- line workers have around no discretion, such as on a traditional assembly line, to full empowerment, where workers even routineicipate in formulating organizational strategy.Exhibit 16.9Perhaps the most important occasions managers can do to enhance organizational communication and dialogue can encourage people to blow over honestly with one another. Subordinates will feel free to transmit n egative as well as positive message to managers without fear of retribution. Efforts to develop inter individualized skills among employees can also foster openness, honesty, and trust. Second, managers should develop and use formal communication bring in all direction. Scandinavian Designs uses two newsletters to reach employees. Dana Holding potful developed the Here a Thought board- called a HAT rack- to arrive at ideas and feedback from workers. Other techniques include direct mail, bulletin boards, blogs, and employee surveys. Third, managers should encourage the use of multiple channels including both formal and informal communications. Multiple communication channels include written directives, face- to- face discussions, and the grapevine. For example, managers at GMs Packard Electric plant use multimedia, including a monthly newspaper, frequent meeting of employees teams and an electronic news display in the cafeteria. Sending messages through multiple channels increase s the likelihood that they will be properly received.Fourth, the structure should fit communication needs. An organization can be designed to use teams, task forces, project managers, or matrix structure as needed to facilitate the horizontal flow of information for coordination and problem solving. Structure should also reflect information need. When team or department task are difficult, a decentralized structure should be implemented to encourage discussion and participation. Empowerment is the process of distributing decision-making power throughout an organization. It is a process which enables employees to set personal work goals, make minor decisions and to solve conflicts by using their personal authority. Team Bonuses, in perspectives in which employees should cooperate with each other and isolating employee performance is more difficult, companies are increasingly resorting to tying employee pay to team performance. For example, in 2007, Wal-Mart gave bonuses to around 80 % of their associates based on store performance. If employees have a valid ability to influence their teams performance level, these programs may be effective.One way Wal-Mart facilitates respect for an individual is through an open-door policy that allows employees of all levels to spend with managers in higher levels of the company. This open-door policy is also a way of keeping unions from forming in the company. The philosophy is that when employees have avenues for expressing their complaints and problems, there will be no debate to have union representatives (Cray, 2000 Slater, 2003). However, people may question how effective this policy is, because employees still attempt to form unions. Walton also believed in the importance of having a tidy up flow of communication with his workers, claiming that the more information they received the harder they would work for him. The more they know, the more theyll understand, he said. The more they understand, the more theyll care . Once they care, theres no stopping them. To Walton, the free flow of information between him and his workers demonstrated the trust and respect he had for them. Without that trust, Walton felt he could not succeed. Information is power, and the gain you get from empowering your associates more than offsets the risk of informing your competitor, he said.For Walton, the bottom line was to appreciate his workers and to make them feel valued. He knew that a paycheck and stock options alone would not guarantee loyalty or hard work. Instead, he realised the importance of making sure his workers knew they were appreciated. Nothing else can quite substitute for a a few(prenominal) well-chosen, well-timed, sincere words of praise, he said. Theyre absolutely free and worth a fortune. By having motivated and loyal employees, Walton could then use them as his obscure weapon. The folks on the front lines the ones who actually talk to the customer are the only ones who really know whats g oing on out there, he said. By listening to his workers and their ideas, Walton could stay on top of his game This really is what total quality is about. Listen to everyone in your practice/team. Obviously your team is a lot smaller than Wal-Mart, but Sams tactic of figuring out ways to get front line people talking holds adjust for advisors.You can gain a lot of insight into your clients, and it will help strengthen relationships with support personnel. And yes, listen to your clients too. continuous communication is the most important thing to remember. Change usually causes fear about different things. Communication must be very open, honest and encouraging. It also has to cover all the parties involved in the change. Happy employees mean happy customers. Walton admitted that initially he was so stingy and did not give good pay to his employees. But eventually he realized that he should give a larger payment to his employees because they are considered as transaction furnishs. According to Walton, who treated the way management is the same business partner in a way that applied to the consumer. If the business partner treats their customers well then the consumer will come again and again therein lies the advantage and business supremacy.Walton also often visited his shop and asked for their opinions, especially employees who are on the front lines, those who actually faced and talking with customers, as people who know the real situation on the ground. Managements number one goal with their employees is to make work at Wal-Mart fun and rewarding. They even have their own cheer to raise associates morale and organizational spirit (Wal-Mart, 2008). Whos Wal-Mart? It is my Wal-Mart (Wal-Mart, 2008). This is the type of leadership styles that all organizations need to use. This style makes employees want to come to work everyday and they feel good knowing that they are working for a great organization. Wal-Mart is like one big family and like to make th eir associates feel like they are an important part of keeping the doors open for everyone.If Walmart this organization are lack of motivation itll affects associates also called employees. Lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished. Productivity does not fly it is usually transferred to aspects not related to the organizations work. Things like personal conversations, Internet surfing or taking longer lunches cost the organization time and money. Reduced productivity can be detrimental to an organizations performance and future success. Low employee motivation could be delinquent to decreased success of the organization, negative effects from the economy or drastic changes or un authoritativety within the organization. No matter what the cause, having the reputation of having an awful work environment due to low employee motivation will ultimately impact how existing and potential clients or partners view working with an organization. A reputation can precede an organization and dictate its future in the industry.The reinforcement approach employee motivation sidesteps the issue of employee needs and thinking processes described in the content and process theories. Reinforcement guess simply looks at the relationship between style and its consequences. It focuses on changing or modifying employees on the-job port through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments. port modification is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior. The basic assumption underlying behavior modification is the law of effect, which states that behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited. The four reinforcement tools are positive reinforcement, avoidance learning, punishment, and extinction, as summarized in exhibit 16.6Positive reinforcement is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior, such as praise for an employee who arrives on time or does a little bare work. Research shows that positive reinforcement does help to improve performance. Moreover, nonfinancial reinforcement such as positive feedback, social cognition, and attention are just as effective as financial inducements. One study of employees at fast- food drive- thru windows, for example, found that performance feedback and supervisor recognition had a significant effect on increasing the incidence of up- selling or asking customers to increase their order. Montage Hotels &resorts, known for its culture of gracious yet humble service, uses a variety of employee recognition programs to positively reinforce employees for providing exceptional service. CEO Alan J. Fuerstman says its simple psychology. People commit more acts of kindness when they are appreciated for them. Avoidance lear ning is the removal of an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved, theory encouraging and strengthening the desired behavior. Avoidance learning is sometimes called negative reinforcement.The idea is that people will change a specific behavior to avoid the undesired result that behavior provokes. As a simple example, a supervisor who unceasingly reminds or nags an employee who is goofing off on the factory floor and stops the nagging when the employee stops goofing off is applying avoidance learning. penalisation is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. Punishment typically occurs following undesirable behavior. For example, a supervisor may berate an employee for performing a task incorrectly. The supervisor expects that the negative outcome will march as a punishment and reduce the likelihood of the behavior recurring. The use of punishment in organization is controversial and often criticized because it fails to indicate the correct behavior. Howeve r, almost all managers report that they find it necessary to occasionally impose forms of punishment ranging from verbal reprimands to employee suspensions or firings.Extinction is the withholding of a positive reward. Whereas with punishment, the supervisor imposes an unpleasant outcome such as a reprimand, extinction involves withholding praise or other positive outcomes. With extinction, undesirable behavior is essentially ignored. The idea is that behavior that is not positively reinforced will gradually disappear A New York Times reporter wrote a humorous article about how she acquire to stop nagging and instead use reinforcement theory to shape her husbands behavior after studying how professionals train animals. When her husband did something she like such as throw a dirty shirt in the hamper, she would use positive reinforcement, thanking him or giving him a hug and a kiss. unenviable behaviors, such as throwing dirty clothes on the floor, on the other hand, were simply i gnored, applying the principle of extinction.Reward and punishment motivational practices based on the reinforcement theory dominate organizations. According to the Society for Human Resource Management, 84 percent of all companies in the United States offer some type of fiscal or non- monetary reward system, and 69 percent offer incentive pay, such as bonuses, bases on an employees performance. However, in other studies, more than 80 percent of employers with incentive programs have reported that their programs are only somewhat successful or working at all. Despite the testimonies of organizations that enjoy successful incentive programs, criticism of these carrot- and- stick methods is growing, as discussed in the Managers Shoptalk. If rewards and motivation are failed to fulfill the employees the manager of Walmart should apply some positive reinforcement in order to safe the situation. Positive reinforcement is the practice of rewarding desirable employee behavior in order to strengthen that behavior.For example, when you praise an employee for doing a good job, you increase the likelihood of him/her doing that job very well again. Positive reinforcement both shapes behavior and enhances an employees self-image. Recognizing and rewarding desirable employee behavior is the essential key to actuate employees to work more productively. This method will reap many benefits, first it clearly defines and communicates expected behaviors and strengthens the connection between high performance and rewards. It reinforces an employees behavior immediately after learning a new technique and promotes quick, thorough learning. It motivates effective workers to continue to do good work. Lack of reinforcement leads to job dissatisfaction. It increases productivity by rewarding workers who conserve time and materials. Employees who are rewarded after they successfully perform feel self-confident and become eager to learn new techniques, dish out advanced training, and a ccept more responsibility.Rewarding employees who suggest improved work procedures will produce more innovation if you create a relaxed work environment, reward new ideas and tolerate innovative failures. Employees who receive recognition for their achievements are more enthusiastic about their work, more cooperative, and more open to change. Besides that, when you show taste and reward employees for good work, youll be able to increase their job commitment and organizational loyalty. In conclusion, giving positive reinforcement does not mean that what is done incorrectly by an employee is to be ignored. Instead, it means to recognize what portion of the work was done correctly first, then follow-up with what can be done break off the next time and why the performance or work result was not quite what was expected.If this means the manager must take some of the rap for not giving detailed instructions for the desired behavior or result, they should do so in an apologetic manner a nd then proceed to relieve how the manager personally will try to do better. This is an excellent time for the manager to let the employee know they still have faith in them but need their help and cooperation by their asking questions if the managers instructions are not clear. This allows both the employee and manager to get better at communication, which results in improved task completion. Remember mangers need to give positive results first, then follow-up with what improvements are needed, apologize if necessary, and then reinforce what was done right again. When working the improvement or follow-up statement do not use the word but as this word often negates anything said before it and the employee may stop listening as they know a negative is coming next.

Business Correspondence

Report Preposition (Manila Paper, 1nch font) Portfolio in BCTRW(Old Magazine) 1st PageA Prayer from my feeling (5 sentences) 2nd PageImportance of Correspondence in my Everyday Life Introduction Importance Conclusion(must be connected to introduction) Correspondence a the agreement of things with wiz another b a particular similarity c a relation between sets in which each member of virtuoso set is associated with one or more members of the other compare function 5a 2 a communication by letters also the letters exchanged the news, information, or mental picture contributed by a correspondent to a newspaper or periodical Examples of CORRESPONDENCE 1. They communicated by telephone and correspondence. 2. E-mail correspondence has become extremely historic for modern businesses. 3. The two men began a correspondence that would continue throughout their lives. 4. A book of the authors personal correspondence was published early last year. 5. A formal forest is always used in business correspondence. . Note the correspondence of each number to a location on the map. 7. Sometimes in that location is little correspondence between the way a word is spelled and the way it is pronounced in English. 8. Sometimes there are few correspondences between spell and pronunciation. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization? Yes, it is. Business correspondence is still the master(prenominal) means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. Is business correspondence still essential in this age of computerization ? Yes, it is.Business correspondence is still the principal means used by a business firm to keep in touch with its customers. What are the principles of slap-up business letter ? A fair business letter should have five qualities (a) conciseness (b) clarity (c) completeness (d) correctness and (e) courtesy. What slightly the language of a business letter ? Well, just write simply, in an easy and natural wa y just like you talk with your friends. So, I have to make my business letters sound like a good conversation ? Thats right. To write a business letter is just to hold a conversation by post.By the way, what are the rules of good writing ? In fact, there are a lot of rules to be followed if you want to write good letters. But we may summarize them as follows 1. Think first of the subscriber and address yourself to his interests. Tell him or her all he or she wants to know and dont leave him to guess between the lines. 2. Adopt a tone suited to the occasion and the purpose of the letter 3. Write naturally, as you would talk, using plain and familiar words. 4. Write clearly and to the point. Dont beat about the bush.Please keep in mind that the most essential point in all business writing is exactness expressed in language that is perfectly clear. 5. Write courteously and make your letter sound friendly and sincere. 6. Avoid wordiness. 7. Avoid commercial jargon. 8. Write effective ly. 9. Avoid monotony by introducing variety. 10. Write to a plan if your letter is long or modifiedly important. 11. Pay special attention to the opening and closing paragraphs first and last impressions leave a special mark on the reader. 12. Check your letters before you send them.

Compare and Contrast the “White Public Opinion” Essay

Public opinion is simply the complex of preferences expressed by a significant number of persons on an issue of general importance. Blacks were include in national polls and surveys in numbers reflecting their proportion of the population, but typically these surveys yielded too few respondents to produce valid and reliable findings or to search opinion differences internal to the mordant union in terms of such things as gender, category, age or region. Black opinion was seen as a specified derivative, secondary and less important compared to white opinion.Research shows that White Americans are not racist in the old fashioned way instead they resent or are hostile to blacks because of the whites commitment to basic or core American values, particularly somebodyism. White Americans resist equality in the name of self-reliance, achievement, individual initiative and they do so not merely because the value of individualism provides a socially acceptable pretext but because it pro vides an integral component of the freshly racism.Its a perceived belief that whites are more intelligent and better than blacks, but the problems facing the black community shed been ignored, because they feel ilk the black community is inferior and dont have anything better to do. So therefore they refuse blacks the resources they need for a good foundation, like education, jobs and so on. The pervasive and deep sense of alienation from and distrust of the American government as well as the deep racial divide between blacks and whites was reflected in public opinion on hurricane Katrina.There is a lack of attention and urgency in handling the problems which are facing the black community, both in the past and present. Another powerful function of the press was to attack and remake the stereotypes and negative characterizations that the white press visited on the community. They see the issues affecting the black community and use it to pass negative comments and judgments again st them, Instead of addressing the situation and seeking amends.The mainstream or white media tend to ignore the internal life of the black community, thus the black media serve as a vehicle of intragroup communication and solidarity. The mainstream or mass media gathers and reports news of interest to the mass public, which are mostly middle class whites. Since the 1950s, content analysis of the mass media has consistently shown that the routine, day-to-day coverage of African Americans is predominantly negative and stereotypical blacks are portrayed as poor or criminal and they are shown as entertainers or athletes.The fact is that, black Americans have being fighting for equal rights and opportunities for some time, but discrimination against minorities still exist. We have to keep fighting for any changes we want done in our community and take it upon ourselves to transform some of those issues, because the mass media focus on the problems facing the majority of the American pr oblems in the white community.

Pilgrimage Analysis Essay

Pilgrimage is the name given to a spiritual journey. T present is much depth to a physical journey. It is about what it means spiritually to the individual. It is an emotional and spiritual journey. It is a journey from the heart showing love for god. The definition of trustworthy is loyal so a true pilgrimage is a journey you take to show loyalty to beau ideal. To become a pilgrim, the person must advance their home and undertake a sacred journey, which may confirm and strengthen their personal beliefs in their religion. pile raft go on this journey alone or in a community. Many places in the world be very exceptional for Christians. Some argon places where Jesus lived, such as Nazareth. different places are special because a holy person is buried there. Many Christians go on their pilgrimages to Lourdes and Rome. People go on journeys to these special, religious places to order their lives in terms of what is good, beautiful and true.Christianity is a journey into Christ a journey that mirrors every Christian mystery through life condemnation. As a Christian grows and changes, so he or she tries to move nearer to Christ. A believers ultimate hope is to be completely at one with him in eternity, when on the journey, Christians may use the physical act of pilgrimage to help them to focus on the need for spiritual nourishment.People go to these places of worship as here they believe they basin fulfil their beliefs, and show their devotion to their religion. They are making a holy journey. We call those who go on these special journeys pilgrims. They do not spend a penny to do this, there is nothing in the Bible which tells Christians that they must make pilgrimages. It is their decision made freely. Many people regard Lourdes, as a place of miracles and of wonderful and unexplainable events. A young girl called Bernadette had a vision of the Virgin Mary countless times and in these visions, Bernadette, was told how to find a natural spring. Many C hristians go as they are ill and hope to be cured. But others go for the same reasons that they go to church. Another reason to go on a pilgrimage is to feel some of the holiness of the place and become closer to divinity.By be advance closer to beau ideal, we can feel the exchangeable better Christians and this should help us to become better Christians and do as God intended us. People to a fault go on pilgrimage to essay Gods forgiveness for the sins that they have committed. Some people go to ask and receive Gods help, like people who have an indisposition or are disabled in some way, may ask for a cure to heal them. People can also ask to be healed spiritually, as coming to their pilgrimage centre may make them realise that they have not been leading a good Christian life and it may make them change into good Christians. Rome is another main pilgrimage centres for millions of Catholics. In Rome, there are 7 pilgrim churches founded when the Roman Empire became Christian. People have been coming to Rome on a pilgrimage for the past 1600 years.The Church of St. Peter was built on top of the tomb of St. Peter who was the attraction of the 12 apostles and the first ever Pope. St Pauls church was built on top of the tomb of St. Paul, the great Christian missionary, who wrote most of the epistles in the smart Testament. Rome is the home of the Pope and the Vatican is the headquarters of the Catholic Church. A pilgrimage to Rome is very special as it is the home of the Roman Catholic Church. Lourdes is a Pilgrimage centre which is much more recent, but it still receives over 2 million pilgrims a year. Water is a very special small-arm of Lourdes a here there are the baths where you are fully immersed in Holy Water. You feel as if you are cosmos cleansed of your sins, like a believers baptism as you are fully immersed in water like Jesus was fully immersed in the water of the river in Jordan when he was baptised by John the Baptist.Question 2Many Christ ians believe that it is very important to go on a pilgrimage as it helps them develop into better Christians. As they go to the special, religious centres they become closer to God and begin to understand the religion more. By taping to God they become much closer, and their beliefs about the religion are greatly strengthened. The pilgrimage centres really have a great affect on the person spiritually. By getting away from their normal lives Christians who go on pilgrimages to Lourdes or Rome are filled with a special perception of belonging when they go to a pilgrimage centre.At these special places Christians feel much closer to God as they are at special places where religious events have occurred in the past. Some people go on pilgrimages as groups, where they can help others who are less fortunate than themselves. Certain groups take children who arent so fortunate on pilgrimages to places like Lourdes and let them become closer to God. By doing this they are helping Jesus, a s Jesus said anything you do to your neighbour you do unto me. People who may have turned away from the religion could also have their spirits renewed and change as a person to being a good Christian. Some people also feel that they can see their vocation when they come to a pilgrimage centre, which shows the huge affect that pilgrimage centres have on people.When people come on pilgrimages they leave homes fucking and decide to forget all comforts and put God first. They are showing by going to these pilgrimage centres, their devotion to God and that their main film in life is to be a good Christian rather than make money and have fun. They show that their main aim is on God and making God happy.Christians also come to Lourdes and Rome to ask questions, to ask questions about Christianity and how they can become a better Christian and make God happy. Christians also enjoy coming together and going on pilgrimages as then they are surrounded by umpteen people who are like them, al l on a journey to strengthen their religious beliefs and become better Christians.Christians also come to pilgrimage centres as they wish to ask God for his forgiveness for all there sins, and by coming on a long journey to a pilgrimage centre they can show to God that they truly are sorry for their sins and that they want to be better Christians. They can also show that God is most important to them as they are coming on a journey to show their devotion to him.The spring St. Bernadette had found was holy and had great healing powers. Now umteen people visit Lourdes and discombobulate or bathe in the holy water. Many people have miraculously been cured of illness after tour Lourdes. In Lourdes there have been many specialised things made to accommodate people suffering illness or those who have disability. The people who a go there to pray for themselves and to pray for others. Some pilgrims, who go there, volunteer their time when they are not praying to people who are less able than them.I have been to Lourdes myself and when I was there the feeling of Holiness was unbelievable. Just being there made me feel as If I was cleansed of all my sins, and I truly felt closer to God and being their strengthened my passion towards my religious beliefs.Question 3After being to Lourdes myself I feel that the pilgrimage centre has become too commercialised. So many people are trying to make money out of the religiously spectacular expanse it has taken some of the special feeling away from visiting Lourdes. The point of going on a pilgrimage is to get away from our normal lives where all we think about is work and money and spend time concentrating on God and putting our religion first.By setting up shops around the theatre we are tempted to purchase items, which takes away the precious feelings of visiting Lourdes. The demesne around Lourdes is meant to be tranquil and peaceful and reflect the image of Christianity, but having loads of shops around the area provok es the town to turn into a busy, messy area where crime can increase and there is a lot of disrespect for the holiness of the pilgrimage centre.However, if a person does visit such a spiritually healing place like Lourdes naturally they would like to be able to take home with them a souvenir to remind them of their time in the area which changed them so much into a better Christian. Many people purchase items which are very special and can be used as support to prayer, which makes them better Christians as this would bring them closer to God.If these special items do bring them closer to God then they are sacred items and are very precious. When I went to Lourdes I did purchase special items from shops in the area which I have used as aids to prayer and have in my house smell over me, protecting me. But I still feel that the area around Lourdes has become to commercialised as there are so many shops and some of the items sold in the shops are not very sacred and can bring down the preciousness of Mary and Jesus as they are not very respectful.

Importance of Financial Decision-Making in the Business World

In the business world, fiscal decision-making is important. Some organizations have trouble with accounting and the financial decision-making process in todays diverse organizational morality. In this worlds current economy, the expectation for organizations is to behave in an ethical manner. The business world consists of people with different ethical notion systems, which makes it difficult to define ethics (The Journal of Accountancy, 2007). Organizations that do enforce a code of ethics gutter create unwanted behaviors within the organizations. These unethical behaviors stinker affect any individual associated with the organization.When an organization instills good ethical behaviors, its rate of success and longevity is more likely to be high. organisational ethics argon a significant part in financial decision-making and accounting. Ethical principles set the foundation on which a cultured society exists. An exceptional illustration of ethics in accounting and finances is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. After several(prenominal) financial frauds reported in 2001 and 2002, the president signed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in July 2002. This act launch major modifications to the financial practices and corporate governance regulations. According to n. d. 2006), The given name is after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who were its main architects, and it also set a rate of non-negotiable deadlines for all organizations to comply (para. 1). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, known as the corporate responsibility act, act gives considerable supervision responsibilities and control to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) above organizations external auditors and dispersal of financial statements. The SEC must employ a public company accounting oversight board (PCAOB) with the authority to control the public accounting (Albrecht, Stice, Stice, & Swain, 2005, p. 01). This practice of law was put in place because of the involvement of Enron and Tyco International in several accounting scandals. For most organizations, making money is important money is what makes the business successful. However, a business that becomes greedy and decides to make money illegally get out eventually fail. In the article Beyond Sarbanes-Oxley, Neil S. Lebovits, advises businesses to ensure their ethical health by doing several things. Lebovits suggests that organizations must employ the following three ethical best practices to be successful cultivate ethical role models, demonstrate ethical ecision-making, and encourage pushback (Lebovits, 2006, para. 5). The directorate of Planning, Training, Mobilization, and Security (DPTMS) organization that I work for employs these three ethical best practices daily. The management always ensures that workers behave professionally while serving soldiers and making the respectable decisions that could affect the soldiers training during this time of war. The DPTMS leaders provide explanations on how to make decisions and why the selection of the judgment. The organizational managers have an open-door policy to listen to the workers concerns.Additionally, managers walk end-to-end the day asking employees if he or she has any issues that the managers could assist on. These types of actions create a sense of trust in the leadership that everyone worker wants to emulate. Lebovits also proposes that organizations can do more to ensure the organization workers behave ethically at all levels. Lebovits suggests that, first, organizations cultivate ethical role models. These role models structures must include indwelling influencers who exhibit strong ethical behavior in their day-to-day work in the financial departments of the organization.Organizations must give influencers proper recognition on every occasion possible. By involving influencers in assignments, the individuals can have an encouraging impact in the organization. When an organization rewards its influencers efforts , the organization can cultivate ethical conduct (2006). Organizational ethical behavior starts at the top of the organization. The leadership must motivate individuals to follow its behavior. Employees watch and listen to their management carefully for signs of how to act. Leaders should behave hence and set the example for the workers to follow.When suitable, leaders must tell workers examples of their business decisions involving their ethics and how they used good judgment. This type of honest conversation provides employees with a quick present on how leaders act and think while representing the organization (2006). Moreover, Lebovits proposes that organizations should also encourage pushback. In other words, companies should encourage their employees to speak up if they question financial actions and decisions that affect them. Ethics hotlines, anonymous e-mails and approachable managers are ways for companies to obtain this type of feedback.Organizations and their key perso nnel should always conduct themselves ethically and legally. They should promote an purlieu in which employees can articulate work-related concerns without negative effects and free exchange of information (2006). The organizations that decide to implement and follow good ethical behavior lead achieve success and an excellent status as ethical and fair instiution to the clients, employees, and the shareholders. These benefits will assist the organization in the financial phase, and when organizations fail to execute will result in poor financial performance.References Albrecht, Stice, Stice, & Swain, (2005). Accounting Concepts and Applications (9th Ed. ). Quebecor World, Versailles, KY South-Western, Thomson. Lebovits, N. (2006, August, 2006). Beyond Sarbanes-Oxley Three best practices to adopt in your organization. Retrieved March, 2011, from http//www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/aug2006/lebovits. htm N. D. (2006). The Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Retrieved from http//www. soxlae. com The Jour nal of Accountancy (2007). Retrieved March, 2011, from http//www. aicpa. org/pubs/jofa/joahome. htm

Warehouse Management System

In a WMS, we aim to observe the maximized profits with a minimized comprise with certain computerized procedures to enable a seamless process of warehouse operation. With the above consideration, we come up with 4 main surplus sports that are essential to be equipped in the WMS. First of all, we need to have barcode labeling for all the stocks in the warehouse in order to identify each product, keep record in the system and find them out easily.It is necessary for us to have detailed information of every stock in the warehouse by simply identifying the barcode labels with piano tuner inventory scanner, which could save time, reduce paper work and greatly increase the productivity and accuracy when handling stocks. Barcode labeling is fundamental for WMS as we need to keep trailing the stocks throughout the whole warehouse operation process. Secondly, we think that efficiency is also an undeniable element in WMS, which we consider auto-conveyer as one of our choice of special feat ures to enhance the efficiency. auto-conveyor could reduce the need of man power and it is much speedy than the manually realiseled way when moving stocks as it could quickly retrieve wanted items. Auto conveyor could also handle some simple sorting and identification work, which greatly reduce the need of manpower. Thirdly, virtual warehouse would be our core feature in the WMS, it acts as an important role in both order management and put away and packing. It provides a comprehensive physical view of the warehouse. With a virtual warehouse, we could have a clear idea of the operating warehouse through the browser.It could facilitate the decision making in the WMS as we could control a lot of process with a virtual warehouse. Indeed, a virtual warehouse is a system that involved a lot of components, but we are right off focusing on the order management and the put away and picking management. With WMS, orders could be generated easily on the internet as the information of custome rs, suppliers and the stocks are unplowed in the system. It is convenient to add items, notes and select the customer or supplier for your purchase or sales order.This may improve the efficiency and is environmentally social when compared with the paper file. It is much less time-consuming to find out the order and customer information. For the put away management, the WMS could utilize the optimum locations for the stocks received in the warehouse automatically. Also in the picking management, the WMS could decide the best location for picking. With this system, we do not have to waste time on finding storage location, composition having a greater control in the allocation of resources and facilitates time management.In fact, the virtual warehouse could not work alone, while barcode labeling and auto-conveyor assisted the virtual warehouse a lot in the stance of automation and computerization. They three are interrelated and the virtual warehouse is in the leading position among them, which means it is important in connecting different parts of a warehouse and make the WMS works. Although the above 3 special features has provide us convenience, efficiency and accuracy, we could not fully rely on a computerized system but to have a feature that could reduce our mistakes to the minimum, ideally, zero mistake.Thus the last feature we include in our WMS is cycle count. Cycle counting reduces the need for the time-consuming and costly process of shutting down the manufacturing process in order to count inventory, which the inventory auditing procedure is carried out according to a continuous schedule. The result would be a more accurate calculation of stocks in the warehouse. To conclude, we think these four features are able to make a WMS that could control material movement efficiently and most possibly making the maximum profit.

Is Our Constitution Still Relevant?

The United States Constitution is a very important piece of document for the American people and in particular immigrants. There are many resolves for this, but the main one is that the Constitution gives freedom to people who enter America. These freedoms are not in many different countries and thats why immigrants flee to America to pursue the American Dream. Our Constitution is still relevant today because of two things Freedom of Speech, and Freedom of Religion.The first reason why the Constitution is relevant is because of freedom of speech the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. This gives the American people the right to voice their opinion whether its good or bad. In some countries, for example China does not allow freedom of speech because they are communists, they have a police saying anyone can protestation against the government, as long as they get a permit first, But if you take the risk to get a permit youre probably spill to be shipped off the a re-education camp this is why our Constitution is relevant.Free speech allows you to say whatever you want without being judged or held against your will by law enforcements. The second reason main reason why the constitution is important is freedom of religion the American people having the right to worship whoever they want sluice if its a dog. People believe in whatever and whoever and it lets them live their life without getting discriminated against by mostly people and/or the government. All in all I believe the Constitution is still relevant today because

My Research over Seminole Wars

The Semi noe fights U. S. biography 1301. 046 Carissa Farley Professor Rumanuk April 3, 2013 The Seminole Wars was champion of many wars fought during our communitys history. Some of the wars in our history were fought everywhere Indian Removal. According to Ron Soodalter, The Second Seminole War erupted over broken treaties that repeatedly changed the boundaries of the Seminole reservation and fin each in ally sought to push the Seminoles out of Florida altogether.That sounds a minute harsh to try and control the land of the Indian tribes. However that is just the way things were back then. prickle then the Indians were considered one of the United States biggest enemies. The U. S legions and the Seminoles fought three wars between 1816 and 1858. One of these wars that were fought was the Second Seminole War. The war was fought for seven years. But the Second Seminole War, fought from 1835-1842 cost upward of 530 million-more than the annual federal budget at the time-an d resulted in the deaths of nearly 1,500 soldiers (mostly from disease), the deplumed remotion from Florida of between 3,000 and 4,000 Seminoles, and the deaths of countless others. Some wonder why all these deaths happened and it all comes down to the military strategy and stopping the spread of disease. There were people who opposed the relocation of the Seminole Indians. cardinal important people that opposed the relocation were two Seminole chiefs named Osceola and Micanopy.They both planned the effort against relocation besides were defeated by a U. S commander by the name of Thomas Sidney Jesup. Jesups play wore down the Seminoles and in the end helped the United States drive the Seminoles out of Florida. The people who didnt oppose the removal of Indians allowd President Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor, Thomas Jesup, Duncan Clinch, and most of the United States. The war was started due to a conflict that was the curb result of the nations unbridled desire for territoria l expansion, and of President Andrew Jacksons Indian removal policy. According to the constitution of the United States all men are created equal. So shouldnt that include Indians? Seeing as how we are treating them as the enemy, I shamt think that the Indians were included as part of the all men are created equal line of the constitution. However some people would hypothecate that the Indians are the enemy and should be treated horribly. Jackson believed Indians posed a threat to the peace and soundlessness of the American nation and should be relocated or eliminated.He formalized his policy in 1830, selling his concept to Congress, which passed the Indian Removal Act by the narrowest of margins. Over the next few years Jackson continue his campaign to remove the Five Civilized Tribes- the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole- and drive them west of the Mississippi. The Indians were divided in what to do. Some chose to ingestion non-violence while others decided to go to the Supreme Courts and let the Courts decide what to do. The motor hotels ruled in favor of the Indians and that caused a problem for Georgia.Georgia went to Jackson and Jackson told Georgia to ignore the ruling. Georgia and Jackson decided to ignore the courts ruling. Because of this the Cherokee Indians were removed in an event called the Trail of Tears. In 1834 Jackson had his sights set on Florida and the Seminoles. xi years earlier the Treaty of Moultrie Creek had directed the Seminoles to surrender all land claims in the grunge and move to a 4-million-acre reservation in central Florida. It also bound them to remain peaceful and to arrest all runaway black slaves and other fugitives for the government.For its part the government would provide cattle and hogs, an animal rente of $5,000, an interpreter, a blacksmith, and an Indian agent, and keep all whites from encroaching on Indian Land- the latter an unenforceable provision. The arrangement came with a 20-year shelf life. Unfortunately Jackson broke the agreement and signed another agreement that would force the Seminoles to move to the are territory within a three year period and surrender all black runaway slaves. I feel like this is violating laws. It is violating treaty laws except making a front treaty not being upheld.On the other hand it makes the United States gain more land. I dont agree with President Jacksons way of removing Indians and taking all the slaves back but to be fair Jackson harbored a personal vexation towards the Seminoles for their practice of sheltering and adopting runaway slaves into the tribe. However his resentment is violating a persons right to having the freedom to make their own decisions. According to several Army officers present at the treaty negotiations, the Indians had been wheedled and bullied into signing. The government tried to justify why they did what they did to the Indians ut the impartiality is they violated civil freedoms. A turning point in the war happened in late 1835 when the hawkish Seminoles judged one chief who had agreed to relocate one traitor to the tribe, and Osceola killed him. It soon became clear war would come-and soon. Unfortunately Osceola killed the Indian agent on December 28 and anyone in the cabin. He then took treasure from the agents cabin. To me this looks like Osceola is out for blood but he isnt. He is trying to protect his tribe from hapless having to move away from their homes. The agents death was avenged by Jesup.Osceola died from Malaria in prison. The war went on in a bloody fashion until it was finally ended by all of the Seminoles going to Arkansas and Florida being given to the United States. Jacksons prejudice towards the Indians didnt help. In the midst of the War of 1812, Jackson, then in charge of the Tennessee militia, was sent into southern Alabama, where he ruthlessly put down an spring up of Creek Indians. The Creeks soon ceded two-thirds of their land to the Unite d States. Jackson later routed bands of Seminoles from their sanctuaries in Spanish owned Florida. Bibliography SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. armed forces History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 62-69. pedantic look to Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). Outline of the United States History 1 . 1 SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 63. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 2 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 3 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 4 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 64. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 5 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 64. Ac ademic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 6 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 65.Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 7 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 8 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 65. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 9 . SOODALTER, RON. ON REMOVING SEMINOLES. Military History 29, no. 2 (July 2012) 66. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed April 2, 2013). 10 . Outline of the United States History (Unknown dates and author)

Text Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh

Jill Seymour HST 197 Dr. Smith September 17, 2012 Text Analysis of The Epic of Gilgamesh The question I thought about while reading this text was what the role is for wo hands, and how their actions and descriptions reveal Mesopotamian attitudes concerning gender. The female gender was non highly looked upon during these magazines. The only time you plan a respected female figure is when the get of a son is cosmos talked about. Any other time females are universe talked about, they are portrayed with flagrant characteristics and seen as simply being there to serve the man.I will go through both trends the women are being portrayed, and relate them back to how they reveal Mesopotamian last. The main woman character in this narrative is Ishtar. Ishtar is the goddess of love, fertility, and war the Queen of Heaven. Normally when you think of the word goddess, a majestic and noble type of being comes to mind. Ishtar is portrayed as the complete opposite in The Epic of Gilgamesh . The first time she comes into play she uses the characteristics of a prostitute to lure in the man that she wants, which at the time is Enkidu. Ishtar is told dress your breasts bare, have no shame.Let him see you naked, let him possess your body (Sandars, 3). It then goes on to say that she was non ashamed to take him, she do herself naked and welcomed his eagerness (Sandars, 4). Before she is told to lay with Enkidu, the story explains that this is not the first man she has dvirtuoso this to. Ishtar is being used for this, because she is known to have her way with the men and they dont know how to tell her no because of her beauty. The way Ishtar is seen relates back to Mesopotamian culture in showing that women were not very important in society.They were generally there to serve the man and to reproduce. They were looked at in two ways the daughter of her father, or the married woman of her husband. At an early age girls were proficient to do the roles of a good wife and mother. It was not frowned upon in their culture for women to be at the mercy of the men. Women were fitted to own property and have jobs out attitude of the home, plainly that decreased when more distinct social classes arose in the second millennium. Husbands gained authority in the household and benefited from the espousal and divorce laws (Bulliet, 18).Even the law was against women and helped out the male gender in almost every situation. The next time she comes into play, we are seeing similar characteristics of her trying to lure in the man she wants when she is trying to get Gilgamesh to link up her. Come to me Gilgamesh, she says, make me your bridegroom grant me seed of your body (Sandars, 25). She tells him she will give him anything he stick out possibly imagine if he would only marry her. When Gilgamesh refuses the offer we see a different side of Ishtar.She starts being portrayed as evil and self-centered. Ishtar goes to her father in tears saying to kill Gilgames h for refusing her intent or she will let all of hell break free, literally. Even marriage in the Mesopotamian culture benefitted the man more than the woman. A man normally took just one wife, but he could buzz off a second if the first gave him no children (Bulliet, 18). The woman was to be a servant, of sorts, to the husband, and was expected to give him children. by and by they became a way to find wealth in the family by arranged marriages. Kings and rich men had close to(prenominal) wives. Marriage alliances arranged between families made women instruments for preserving and enhancing family wealth (Bulliet, 18). Even here they are referred to as instruments, and not given the respect of a human being. If the woman didnt bare children, she was easily replaceable. If the woman came from a wealthy family, or her family wanted to become wealthy, they would arrange a marriage for her to gain or keep wealth in the family. On the other hand, women werent always looked at in th is manner.Gilgamesh respected his mother very much so, and would go to her for advice. His mother, Ninsun, is said to be a minor goddess, but she is noted in a couple different places for her wisdom. Now Gilgamesh got up to tell his dream to his mother, Ninsun, one of the wise gods (Sandars, 5). In Mesopotamian culture, even the women gods were respected by the people. They thought them all to be wise and would seek their guidance in certain situations. Their religious beliefs brought this respect, and in some ways fear, to honor the gods so they would be gracious in return. Religious beliefs instilled fear of the gods, who could alter the landscape, and desire to appease them (Belliet, 19). The Mesopotamians believed that the gods were human like in form, but that if they were to be un apt by something the people did, they could alter anything in their experiences, and in some cases even kill them. Overall, women were not looked at then the same ways they are looked at today. The cultural norm for women was to serve the men with their bodies and in their actions. If they did not give the man the children he wanted, she could be replaced.At an early age they were being trained to have the skills of a good wife and mother. It was not frowned upon for a man to have more than one wife. This did not happen often until around the second mullinium, but was quite oftenly seen with the kings and rich men. The another way the women were used in this society was to keep or gain wealth for her family. The families would arrange the marriages for her daughter, and she would have to make sure to keep her husband happy so she was not replaced. The gods and goddesses were feared and respected on the other hand.They were able to manipulate what would happen in the peoples lives, so they made sure to keep them happy even the women were kept happy in this sense. Mesopotamian culture wasnt too far off from how some things are looked at in todays society, but women were not very important in their society. They were only there for few reasons, and if they didnt meet those expectations they were replaceable. Today we would say that is unjust and against our rights, but that is a privilege we now have in our country that those women were not able to achieve. Arent we glad to live in todays society where men and women have equal rights?

A study of Reading Habits Analysis Essay

PoetryThe theme of the meter is that trying to ignoring realism does not solve any problems. The speaker dives deeps into books to hide from his day to day problems. However, he does no turn a profit from this when his eye go bad from reading. In the end, the speakers problems caught up with him and he could no longer pass from them in books. He unfortunately turned to alcohol to solve his problems. Larkin demonstrates the theme by hinting the character traits of his persona. Also Larkin uses elements such as ghost, metaphors, similes, allusion and symbols to create a deeper understanding of the theme.A Study of Reading Habits is somewhat of dry title, exactly as the poem progresses, it starts to make more and more sense. The poem is roughly the progression of a mans life, from his puerility to his adult life. He grew up loving books because he could escape from realism. However, reading books became a habit to escape everyday hardships. But over metre the books started re minding him of his own life and he could no longer escape. In his youth, the speaker would use reading to get away from different things such as school and bullies. He did not c are if reading ruined his eyes because in books he could call up anything and escape reality. He could imagine being cool and fighting the bullies twice my size ( arguing 6).Later on, during adolescence, the speaker liked reading darker books. His eyes were starting to go bad from reading so he had to wear inch-thick specs (7). He enjoyed the wickedness of his books. With his drape and fangs (9) , he would have sex with women and humiliate them . Now, in the present, the speaker doesnt read anymore because the stories are too closely related to his issues. He privy no longer escape his problems regarding his soiled life. As a result, the speaker condemns books altogether stating that they are a load of crap (18) and turns to alcohol to thaw his problems. He recommends to get stewed (17) instead of read ing.The speaker in this poem speaks in rootage person. The imaginative person envisions a fantasy world where he could be cool and deal out the old(a) right hook to his bullies (5). The speaker is similarly lonely. In the final stanza the speaker realizes that he doesnt cope how to face reality. His whole entire youth was created through fictional books and now the more maturebooks, foreground his lonesome. Additionally, the speaker is resentful. During his childhood, books were of so much value to him. They were worth ruining my eyes (3). But the books in that time were fictional, and most likely of superheroes and other fictional idols. Later on, the speaker realizes he is not equipped for reality and believes books are a load of crap (18). The speakers tone is disappointed and bitter.There was a smooth, euphonic quality to the words in the beginning stanza. This emphasized how easygoing and fantasy-like childhood can be. Also, in that respect was alliteration in line 6. The text dirty dogs was symbolism of the personas bullies. This alliteration lighten upon the name calling present in youth. Additionally, the poem contained a rhyme scheme within stanzas.The poem is about the speakers life progression. Each stanza represents a different stage in life. The first stanza represents his childhood, the second stanza represents the speakers adolescence and in the final stanza the speaker comes to terms with reality that he can no longer hide behind books. He realizes that his world is less fulfilling than the fantasies portrayed in books. He feels betrayed by books and his tone becomes bitter. As the speakers life progresses throughout the stanzas, his views on books become contradictory. The very first line in the poem pertains to the speakerss love of getting his nose in a book (1). On the contrary, the final stanza represents the speakers new feelings towards books. Compared to the first line, the very last line states that the speaker believes books ar e a worthless load of crap (18).In this poem Larking uses literary devices such as a metaphor and a simile. The line the chap whos yellow and keeps the store, await far too well-known(prenominal) (15-17) functions as imagery. The speaker is characterizing the character is his stories as the color yellow. The color yellow has negative connotations such as cowardice, faithlessness and betrayal, which is exactly how the speaker is feeling about his book at this stage in his life. This metaphor produces the effect of a cowardly or faithless character, who limpidly relates to the speaker. The authors use of a simile is alsopresent in the poem. The simile is obvious in line 12, where the speaker rebukes about how he thought of women. He did not think much of them and broke them up like meringues in his fantasized worlds. He compares women to meringues, a light, airy, sweet desert. This simile functions as his desire for informal encounters with women.The poetic device of allusion is also unpatterned in the poem. Allusion is created in the second stanza when the speaker makes the allusion to vampires when describing his interest in dark fictional books. The words cloak and fangs function as characteristics usually related to vampires as well as the word sex, representing his knowledgeable maturity. The speakers taste in fictional text matures, along with his sexual interests.Symbolism is evident in the poem. The most obvious symbolism is the poem structure itself. The poem is three stanzas long, each represent a different stage in his life. The first stanza is clearly represents his childhood. The speaker has typical childhood bullies and his tone level seems to be that of a child. As a kid, he reads escape these bullies and to feel better about himself. The second stanza represents his adolescence stage in life. The speakers tone is much more mature and dark as he talks about evil and sex. He also admires the symbol of a vampire and has a stronger sexual dr ive.Finally the last stanza symbolizes his later years. He starts to realize that he cant escape his problems anymore and even relates himself to the weak characters in his books. Also symbolism is evident when the speaker describes the books he dislikes during adulthood. Lines 13 to 17 talk about characters in books that are cowards or fall short. In line 17, the speaker is uncomfortable with these books because the characters seem far too familiar. The characters in these books function as symbols of the speaker and his lousy life.

Factors That Influence Learning

TASK 18 Out root the factors that influence acquisition. Learning is influenced by m any factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as attention, pack and emotions as well as by apprentice characteristics like prior knowledge, cognitive and acquisition styles and intellectual capabilities. The following list shows a number of other(a) factors that whitethorn also guide a bearing on a bookmans capability to learn * Family * Culture * grammatical gender * Impact of peers * Subject content * T to each whizzing style * Learning skills * Recognition of indispensability to learn * past tense experiences of skill * Personal learnedness styles * Range of opportunities Aw atomic number 18ness of the learnedness transit * Barriers to training * Rewards and punishments All these factors hurl an impact on the quality and quantity of nurture for the scholar. For example * Where cultural background encourages the experience of dissimilar learning opportunities then the student pr ovide have more opportunities of developing impelling learning skills. * non every last(predicate) pupils acknowledge the value of learning. If a pupil has low- reckon skills, they may deny the importance of learning as a defence mechanism to prevent exposing themselves or the reason might be a lack of family or peer defy for learning. Some pupils might be very much influenced by their peers, either having their own learning experiences enhanced or discouraged by peers. * If a pupil encounters a commandment access that does not match their own learning style, they may be put at a disadvantage. * A productive and effective learning experience will encourage learning skills, which enables that pupil to self- adoptly learn in other contexts. * Facilitators of learning might not provide effective rewards for learning, such as attention and praise.If the young person relies on rewards such as money or gifts for motivation then they will have clog learning in a non-reinforcing en vironment. Factors that may hinder learning for pupils with superfluous educational involve may be attitudinal, organisational or operable. Natalie Levy assimilator no SH34604/DLC subsidization no 6 paginate no 2 trace the principles of educational comprehension. Schools and teachers are now needful to provide equality of probability for all infantren * Boys and girls * Children with SEN * Children with disabilities Children from assorted social and cultural backgrounds * Children from different ethnic groups (including travelers, refugees and asylum seekers) * Those from diverse linguistic backgrounds The G eachwherenment is committed to promoting the inclusion of pupils with special educational unavoidably (SEN) and disabilities into mainstream cultivates that experience and celebrate human diversity. Under UK legislation, educational institutions are tell apart to keep in line that no learner is prevented from combat-ready fully in education or disadvantage b ecause of factors such as * Physical, sensory or cognitive impairment Ethnic or social background * Gender Inclusion of small fryren and young batch with special educational necessitate is a key principle of current educational policy and practice. Inclusion is a process by which local education authorities, schoolhouses and others develop their cultures, policies and practices to include pupils in mainstream education. Principles of an inclusive education dish * With the right home lean, strategies and support nearly all boorren with special educational needs muckle be successfully included in mainstream education. Schools, pasturelands and others should actively seek to get rid of barriers to learning and instigateicipation. * An inclusive education service offers duty and choice and incorporates the views of parents and babyren. * The interests of all pupils must be safeguarded. * All nestlingren should have access to an appropriate education that gives them the opp ortunity to achieve their personal potential. * Mainstream education will not ever so be right for every sister all of the time.Equally just because mainstream education may not be right at a token stage it does not prevent the child from being included successfully at a posterior stage. The National Curriculum Handbook for primary teachers and the Handbook for secondary teachers in England incorporates a statutory inclusion statement on providing effective learning opportunities for all pupils. It outlines how teachers can modify the National Curriculum programmes of require to provide all pupils with relevant and appropriately challenging work at each KS.It sets out trio principles that are essential to developing a more inclusive curriculum * Setting suitable learning challenges * Responding to pupils diverse learning needs * Overcoming potential barriers to learning and assessment for soulfulnesss and groups of pupils. Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC duty assignment no 6 paginate no 3 Explain the importance of attitudes, skills and resources in the achievement of successful educational inclusion. Sometimes for children with special educational needs and disabilities, obstacles can stand in the way of them get/achieving the right education and support.Factors that can affect success * modified education professionals should work in federation with parents and take into account views of parents in respect of their childs particular needs * particular(prenominal) educational cookerys should take into account the wishes of the child concerned, taking into account their age and understanding * The culture, practice, focal point and deployment of resources in school should be designed to en indisputable all childrens needs are met * Interventions for each child should be reviewed regularly to assess their impact, the childs progress and the views of the child, their teachers and their parents * LEAs, schools and ranges should work together to ensure that any childs special educational needs are place early * LEAs, schools and settings should unclutter trade good and best practice when devising discussions * There should be co-operation between all the agencies and a multi-disciplinary nest to the resolution of issues Depending on the school setting the breeding assistant may play a decisive employment in supporting the children with SEN. The tasks that a instruct assistant may help with might include helping pupils with reading difficulties, supporting speech therapy programmes and helping pupils to access the curriculum. Explain the importance of boost unaffiliated learning when promoting educational inclusion.Independent learning concentrates on the creation of experiences and opportunities that help students to become self-reliant, self-motivated and lifelong learners. Independent learning focuses on the individuals need for independence and active participation in their own learning, both in school and in society. Independent learning is important because it is part of an ongoing, lifelong learning process that stimulates deeper thinking and admonition and promotes the continuing growth of students abilities and strengths. Independent learners develop the attitudes, knowledge and skills needed to guard responsible decisions and take sues dealing with their own learning.Teaching staff can help students take responsibility for their learning by providing opportunities and strategies for learning respectively and by encouraging pupils to initiate and actively participate in their own learning. Learning is an interactive process among pupils and between teachers and pupils. Pupils engage in learning activities as individuals who are interdependent with other individuals in the schoolroom and wider society. Students will move towards independence in varying degrees, depending on factors such as age, skill level and ability in a particular subject. Natalie Levy Student no SH 34604/D LC date no 6 Page no 4What support can a teaching assistant provide to a pupil with special educational needs? As a teaching assistant there are third aspects in nurtureing Independent Learning. They are * The learning environment created by the staff * The relationship schematic between teacher and learner * The teaching and modelling of skills needed for independent learning A teaching assistant can play an important role in providing a supportive environment that encourages pupil motivation, self-confidence, interest and desire to learn. It is important that the teaching assistant, in order to promote independent learning, knows their students well and should deliberate upon their pupils learning processes.In order to help the students succeed as independent learners, the teaching assistant needs to prefigure difficulties and offer support at crucial intervals. The teaching assistant must develop a good understanding of their students strengths and weaknesses (socially, emo tionally, intellectually and strong-armly) their exceptionalities, their health and their cultural backgrounds. The relationship between the teaching assistant and learner should foster increasing learner responsibility, meaning that as the student grows in maturity and understanding, they are able to take on greater responsibility for their own learning. An important aspect of the teaching assistants role is the teaching and modelling of skills needed for independent learning.The attitudes, skills and knowledge of independent learning will be fostered in students through with(predicate) ways in which the teaching assistant organises the classroom and instructs the student. * Teachers should utilise instructional techniques, strategies and approaches based on collaboration between learner and teacher. This will encourage student participation, both in determining goals and in monitoring the learning process. * Teachers should use approaches that foster student self-confidence and e mpowers students to take responsibility for their own learning. * Students should be taught activities which facilitate the transition to independence through modelling, demonstration and direct instruction of learning skills.These should then be followed by practice opportunities provided by the teaching assistant, who in turn monitors the students progress towards their goals of independent decision making. * The teaching assistant should share with students what is being done and why an activity is useful. The goal is that learners will eventually make their own decisions, connect what they already know with what they are learning, make judgements and inferences, apply new ideas and derive diversion from learning. The teaching assistants role is to be a patient facilitator, showing students how to learn independently, encouraging them, providing feedback and supporting their efforts.These are all crucial factors in providing a learning environment which fosters independent learn ing and which motivates students to pursue independent learning skills. Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 5 List the stages of the statementing process. Children with SEN who attend mainstream schools are placed on the SEN list in line with this way * If they require preparedness which is different from, and additional to, that made for most pupils (schools action) * If the pupils fail to make adequate progress, further planning is to be made (schools action plus) The special educational needs of the majority of children should be met effectively through School pull through and School body process Plus. In a small number of occurrences, where the child is still a ignificant cause for concern after intervention in School Action Plus, the school will ask the LEA for a statutory Assessment. This involves the LEA, working co-operatively with parents, the childs school and other agencies, where appropriate. The LEA will seek evidence from the school that strategies and programmes implemented over a period of time have been unsuccessful. The LEA will need discipline near the childs progress over time and clear documentation on the childs SEN and the action taken to deal with these needs. They will then decide whether a statutory statement of the childs educational needs is obligatory. Statutory assessment does not always lead to a disputation of Special educational Needs.The LEA then looks at the statement request. It may be that a certain childs needs are very significant and complex, in which case the LEA will fly the coop out a multi-agency assessment and then, if appropriate, provide a logical argument of Special educational Needs. A Statement of Special preceptal Needs is a legal document that sums up all the advice gathered during the Statutory Assessment. It sets out what the childs special educational needs are and the special educational provision required in order to couple them. It names the school where this provis ion is to be made and any other non-educational needs and provisions affecting arrangements at school.This will be reviewed at least every year but can be more frequent if professionals working with the child or the parents set further concerns. A Statement of Special Educational Needs is split into six parts 1. Identifies the child or young person and those with parental responsibility. 2. Identifies the needs of the child or young person. 3. Identifies the provision required to meet the needs as described in Part 2. 4. Names the school where the child or young person will be placed. 5. Identifies health needs 6. Determines what provisions are needed to meet those health needs. The provision required will prevalently be quantified in terms of hours of provision and staffing arrangements in order to meet the changing needs of the child.The school must provide * Appropriate facilities and equipment, staffing arrangements and curriculum * each modifications to the application of th e National Curriculum * Appropriate exclusions from the application of the National Curriculum and changes needed to maintain a gigantic and balanced curriculum. Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 6 All children with a statement should have scam-term targets, set out in an IEP, inclined(p) by the SENCO with the support from the external agencies and the class teacher. Throughout the process, local authority officers work with parents to reach correspondence about the content of the statement.Where the LEA declines to provide a statement, the school may request a inspection after six months. Parents also have the right to appeal over against the decision to the SEN tribunal. List and rationalise the broad content of the SEN code of dress. The SEN Code of Practice gives practical guidance on the fulfilment of functions under part 4 of the Education Act 1996 to local authorities, the governing bodies of maintained schools, settings in receipt of governm ent patronage to provide early education and to those who help them, including the health services and social services. It also provides general practical guidance to such settings about the provision of nursery education to children with special educational needs.The Code of Practice provides a framework for developing strong partnerships between parents, schools, LEAs and health and social services. It promotes a consistent approach to meeting childrens special educational needs and places the rights of children at the heart of the process, allowing them to be heard and to take part in the decision making process wherever possible. The focus is on ensuring that SEN are identified as quickly as possible. The code sets out five principles * That children with SEN should have their needs met * That their needs will normally be met in mainstream schools * That the views of children should be sought and taken into account * That arents have a spanking role to play in supporting their childrens education * Those children with SEN should be offered full access to a broad, balanced and relevant curriculum in the foundation stage and later years. The Code sets out guidance on policies and procedures aimed at enabling pupils with SEN to reach their full potential, to be included fully in their school communities and make a successful transition to adulthood. It recommends that schools adopt a graduated approach to match provision to childrens SEN so that, where necessary, increasingly available specialist expertise can respond to a childs individual needs if they do not make adequate progress.The Code also provides advice on carrying out statutory assessment of a childs SEN and of making and maintaining a statement of SEN for children with loathsome and complex needs, this would include carrying out annual reviews of statements and planning for young people with SEN when they make the transition to college, training and employment. The Code emphasises the importanc e of involving children and parents in decision-making and of effective multi-agency, to combine services around the needs of the children and their families. List and explain the broad content of the LEA and school SEN policies. The responsibility of the LEA in respect of SEN is to Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6Page no 7 * fancy its overall special educational provision and review it periodically * Assess those pupils whose special needs may require a Statement of SEN * mark off that the provision specified in the Statement of SEN has been made available * Initiate annual reviews of every Statement of SEN * Monitor the performance of its maintained schools and embody Services * Identify, assess and make provision for all pre-school children who may have special educational needs The LEA also has a duty to consult with schools, wellness and Social Services and voluntary organisations over its SEN Policy, which it must publish and keep under review.Regulations require that the LEA must publish information on the arrangements they make for children with SEN in general. The policy covers all pupils and young people between the ages of 0 19 who may/will experience some form of difficulty in their learning which may arise from a variety of factors, including those relating to the pupil or young person themselves, their learning environment and their social environment. The policy model has three key elements * Philosophy Relevant basic details. * Principles considerable guidelines. General statements derived from the beliefs which can be interpreted by policy users to guide. * Procedures Practical details.Operating routines and actions derived from the principles which cover the most parking area areas of policy application or critical events. Updating of the policy and evaluation of its implementation will be undertaken through annual review by the LEAs SEN Management group, with due reference to SEN initiatives contained indoors the Education Development Plan and associated planning documents. The school SEN policy is a document that gathers together, in one place, all LEA guidance and information on all aspects of special needs and inclusion. This includes Special Educational Needs and also many other issues to do with the way of inclusion in schools. It is intended as a management tool for senior managers in schools as well as SENCOs.The framework for the Special Educational Needs policy is provided by * The United Nations convention on the Rights of the Children (Salamanca Statement) * The Children Act 1989 * The 1994 Special Educational Needs Code of Practice (revised 2002) * The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 * The Education Act 1996 * attain DfEE regulations and circulars on the organisation of special educational needs * The Green Paper Excellence for All 1997 and the DfEE Programme of Action 1998 * The Schools Standards and Framework Act 1998 * The Human Rights Act 1998 * The SEN Code of Practice (Draft) 2000 * The Quality Protects Management Action Plan * The SEN and Disability Act 2001 Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLCAssignment no6 Page no 8 TASK 19 Research the responsibilities of all teaching and support staff for learners with special educational needs in a local school to you. Responsibilities and roles of staff/agencies from the school in which I am based. crystallize teacher * Should always be aware of any children who are already on the SEN register. * Make sure time is made available for Termly and Annual Reviews. * Attend INSERVICE training. * Attend regular meetings with the SENCO. * Take account of different needs when planning. * Take into account the feelings of, wishes and knowledge of parents. * Maintain a class SEN file which is to be stored securely. Maintains confidentiality at all times. * designk advice from the SENCO on strategies which might be used to help the pupil. Teaching Assistants/Learning Support Assistants * Work on a one-to-one basis where necessary. * Allocated time to work with children at School Action and School Action Plus. * Attend INSERVICE training. * Attend regular meetings with the SENCO. * Have a minimum of 20 hours per week to support children with SEN. SENCO * Provide professional guidance to staff with the aim of providing high quality teaching. * Has an overview of provisions made for pupils with SEN. * Liaises with teachers, TAs and multi-agencies when necessary. Ascertains which stage each child is operating at and reviews when appropriate. * Keeps an updated confidential register. * Arranges review meetings with parents/teachers. * Updates teachers on SEN children and explores/discusses current initiatives. * Responds to specific requests from teachers and other multi-agencies * Visit nursery, pre-schools and secondary schools to help with integration when moving in or on from our school. * Store SEN information securely and in an orderly fashion ensuring easy access. * Share information with the Head Teacher/teachers/TAs where appropriate. Educational Psychologists * Performs formal psychological canvassing. Assess results and determine whether a child has special educational needs. * Give advice to teachers/TAs in relation to particular pupils (requested through the SENCO) * Runs INSERVICE training on particular needs. * Carries out intervention work such as counselling, behaviour management and student cartoon skills. Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 9 dustup and Language Therapist * Assesses the extent of the problem. * Makes a diagnosis of the problem. * Liaises with the SENCO/teacher/parent on the best programme of care for the child. School Nurse * Carries out various hearing/sight tests. * predicate staff in the school setting of any particular health requirements. Trains staff if injections or other medical procedures are required. * Consult/refer to a doctor if they think other professional may be required in the care of the child . Peripatetic Teacher/Support Worker * Assess and test the child. * Offer advice and guidance to teachers/TAs. * Advises on specialist equipment when/if needed. In the school setting where I am the school will also contact other settings who offer OUTREACH services if there is a need. Outline the mark and use of at least two different resources and two pieces of specialist equipment for learners with special educational needs that might be available in schools. Pupils with poor vision may have difficulty in using a normal data processor.However there are a number of techniques that can be applied to assist pupils. Touch typing skills often make it possible to use a computer more effectively. They are particularly valuable for partially sighted and blind computer users as they remove the need to constantly look between the keyboard and the penetrate. Drills are used to practice each key and age of keys until the whole alphabet is covered. Large print keyboard stickers will help a pupil identify where the keys are, they are a learning tool rather than something to be relied upon. These are available in different work and styles. Many people with no usable vision, may find it useful to operate their computer by voice (known as voice in-voice out).The users speak and the software recognises what was said and types it into the computer. This means that * Words are mightily spelled. * The users flow is not interrupted by having to stop and worry about spelling. * The need to type or hand write is removed this is also helpful if the user is also dyspraxic. Speech output is also used. This means the user does not need to be able to see the screen to use a computer. Software called a screen-reader can intelligently send all information to a voice synthesiser such as what is being typed, what has been typed and menu options. Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 10Pupils with very poor motor skills will often postulate with normal computers as well. They may find it hard to relate the movement of their hand on the crawl to the movement of the cursor on screen. In these instances it may be that a trackball or joystick is easier to use. A normal keyboard has over 100 keys and can sometimes be very confusing to the user again key stop stickers could be used. Lowercase keyboards can be used (a standard keyboard but in lower case only) and also overlay keyboards (touch sensitive membranes which slide over the top of a normal keyboard and determine the functions of the keyboard). All of the above are available in the setting where I am and make it easier for the user.They feel confident using computers and can also join in mainstream ICT lessons. Explain the contents and purpose of an individual education plan and explain how a teaching assistant could contribute towards achieving its aim. The Individual Education Plan (IEP) is a planning, teaching and reviewing tool. It should support the process of planning intervention for an individual pupil with SEN. IEPs should be teaching and learning plans setting out what, how and how often particular knowledge, understanding and skills should be taught through additional or different activities from those provided for all pupils through the differentiated curriculum.Wherever possible pupils should be involved in setting their own targets for the IEP, in agreeing and implementing appropriate strategies and evaluating the outcomes. IEPs should * Raise achievement for pupils with SEN * Be seen as working documents * Use a simple format * Detail provision additional to or different from those generally available for all pupils * Detail targets which are extra or different from those for most pupils * Be jargon free * Be comprehensible to all staff and parents * Be distributed to all staff as necessary * Promote effective planning * Help pupils monitor their own progress * Result in good planning and intervention by staff * Result in the achievement of specified learning goals for pupils with SEN IEPs should focus on Up to three or four key individual targets set to help meet the individual pupils needs and particular priorities * Targets should relate to key areas in communication, literacy, mathematics and aspects of behaviour or physical skills * The pupils strengths and successes should underpin targets set and the strategies used Though not included in the IEP teachers should always refer back to the pupils Individual Pupil Record to get information on their baseline or entry level assessment as well as information about the pupils particular needs and current strengths. This profile should also include information regarding the pupils needs in relation to general strategies such as Natalie Levy Student no SH34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 11 * The short-term targets set for or by the pupil * The teaching strategies to be used * The provision to be put in place * When the plan is to be reviewed * winner and/or exit criteria * Outcom es (to be recorded when IEP is reviewed) Success criteria in an IEP means that targets have been achieved and new targets need to be set, whilst exit criteria means that not only have targets been achieved but that an IEP may no longer be required.Teachers should always aim to talk to pupils about their IEPs in a quiet place onward from the rest of the class. A teaching assistant can contribute towards achieving the IEP aims by * Providing a positive feel for and learning environment that promotes improved self esteem and confidence * Supporting the child on a one-to-one basis in the area of disability e. g. reading, writing * Providing a quiet place to work * Keeping instructions direct and simple, one at a time. Repeating and rephrasing instructions where necessary * Providing visual cues and peer mentoring * Providing consistent and ongoing clarification * Teaching the child strategies not just facts decrease working time and expectations initially to ensure the child is succ essful * Trying to ensure that there is a good partnership between home and the school setting and keeping parents informed as to how they can support their child at home. Describe how you might carry out a case study for a learner with special educational needs and what information it should contain. To carry out a case study for a learner with special educational needs the objective is to portray * How the learners needs are identified * The learning experiences and provisions in place for them * The levels of satisfaction, appropriateness and challenge for the learner * The learning impacts and outcomes for themIn a case study I would need to conduct a range of interviews with * The individual learner (except in the case of a very young person) * Relatives or friends who might have a perspective on the learners experience and development * Those directly providing the learning opportunities at an operational level (tutors, teachers etc) this would usually include local authority representatives. Questions I may need to ask are * How are the learners needs identified and what learning experiences are in place for them? * Are the learners satisfied and challenged? * What are the learning impacts and outcomes for them? Natalie Levy Student no SH 34604/DLC Assignment no 6 Page no 12Where a pupils learning has been supported, helped or promoted by local authorities already, my composition should identify the disposition of the learning experiences, the outcome derived by the individual learner, the factors contributing to the effectiveness of the learning opportunity and key factors that contributed to the success. Alternatively, where a pupil has not been supported, helped or promoted I should include in the report the key factors and barriers affecting achievement. My report should draw out key messages for local authority staff, schools and other organisations and individuals concerned with successful learning. In short a case study should include * The re levant characteristics of the learner * How his/her learning needs were identified, or the learning opportunities were accessed * Standard of achievement * Quality of access to curriculum * Support available Quality and effectiveness of support * How well providers work in partnership * Barriers that prevent the learner accessing appropriate curriculum and support * Key factors and barriers affecting the achievement in these outcomes * Progress made * Examine and illustrate the distinct role and region of the local authority leadership in promoting and ensuring learning * Key issues for action * The next steps or future developments both for the learner and local authority and other providers who may be involved. Design a brief that could be used to advise school staff of the guidelines in confidentiality in an imaginary school. See attached document.